Morphological analysis of patellofemoral joint in haemophilic arthropathy: A case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Knees affected by haemophilic arthropathy exhibit distinct differences in both bone morphology and soft tissue behaviour. This study aims to analyse the morphological characteristics of the distal femur and patellofemoral joint in patients with haemophilia in comparison to normal healthy population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study was conducted as pair-matched case-control study with 43 individuals in both the haemophilia group and the control group. Patellar luxation, patellar tilt (PT), length of the patella in both axis (pAP, pML), depth and angle of trochlear sulcus (SD, SA), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), medial and lateral femoral facet length (mFL, LFL), intercondylar depth (ID), transepicondylar axis (TEA) and lateral condyle length (LCL) were assessed on knee MRI. Correlation between Pettersson score and measured variables were also analysed. RESULTS: PT was medial sided in 10 (23.2%) cases in haemophilic group. Mean values of pAP, pML, PT were significantly lower in haemophilia group (p < .001, p: .007, p = .001 respectively). There were no significant changes in SA (p = .628), SD (p = .340), LTI (p = .685), LFL (p = .241) and MFC-LFC (p = .770) whilst mFL was significantly longer in haemophilia group (p = .009). ID (p < .001), TEA (p = .007) and LCL (p = .001) were all shorter in haemophilia group. Pettersson score was inversely correlated with pAP, pML, ID, TEA, LCL, pML/SA and ID/LCL. CONCLUSION: Morphological changes in haemophilic arthropathy involve a smaller and medially-tilted patella, narrowed lateral condyle and transepicondylar axis, combined with reduced intercondylar depth. These alterations must keep in mind especially in pre- and intraoperative assessments for arthroplasty procedures.

Conducting osteochondral injury model in rabbit knee: Pearls and pitfalls.

Osteochondral damage is a commonly encountered issue in the daily orthopedic practice and has been extensively researched across various areas, including tissue transplantations, tissue engineering products, stem cell applications, and cell culture studies. The absence of a universally accepted treatment as the gold standard for osteochondral damage indicates the necessity for further studies in this field in the future. Although the biomechanical characteristics of the rabbit knee do not perfectly mimic those of the human knee, experimental studies conducted on rabbit knees are considered the most practical experimental model for testing a well-constructed experimental hypothesis. Our article endeavors to impart our practical insights and experiences to researchers without experience whom seeking to design studies utilizing this model. We aim to offer valuable guidance for preoperative, operative, and postoperative considerations. •Rabbits used in osteochondral healing models should be at least 4 months old or older. Inducing damage in the trochlea is a well-established technique and relatively easy to apply.•Do not use pointy ended drills as it might create uneven damage. Do not place applied treatment agent in inappropriate level in relation to the surrounding cartilage surface.

Which part of the blood in the knee joint is responsible for its detrimental effects? (An experimental study on the knee joint in rabbits).

AIM: This study aims to determine the potential causative elements which are responsible for the cartilage damage in case of frequent intra-articular bleeding and to evaluate the effects of intra-articular free iron and chelation of iron in the knee joint. METHODS: Thirty-five New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups according to substances injected into their knee joints. Plasma (group I) and cellular components (group II) of the blood harvested from the rabbits, iron (ferric hydroxide sucrose) (group III), iron&chelator (group IV) and only chelator (deferoxamine mesylate) (group V) were injected into their right knees three times a week for 12 weeks. The joint surface was examined histologically according to the classification system modified from Colombo et al. The changes in the synovial tissue were evaluated according to the scoring system modified from Madhok et al. RESULTS: Cartilage and synovial abnormality scores were significantly higher in all study groups when compared to their own controls (p < 0.0001). Cartilage scores of groups I and V were significantly lower when compared to groups III and IV (p = 0.002 for group I and p = 0.003 for group V). Synovial abnormality score of group I was significantly lower than scores of groups III and IV (p = 0.001); and of group V lower than groups III and IV (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: All substances tested in this study caused a certain amount of damage in the cartilage tissue and led to synovial abnormalities. Both iron and iron&chelator caused more damage in the cartilage and led to more advanced synovial changes when compared to the plasma component of blood and chelator itself. Influence of iron and iron&chelators were found to be similar showing that chelation was inadequate in antagonizing the detrimental effects of iron.

Posteromedial Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy to Avoid Posterior Tibial Slope Increase.

PURPOSE: The primary aim was to evaluate the influence of the surgical modification on posterior tibial slope (PTS) and patellar height in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). The secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of preoperative mechanical axis deviations (MA) on PTS METHODS: Between January 2014 and February 2016, patients with a diagnosis of medial-compartment osteoarthritis who had undergone OWHTO with posteromedial osteotomy technique with a minimum follow-up of 3 months were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative and postoperative PTS angles with 3 different methods and patellar heights with respect to the Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps indices were measured on lateral radiographs by 2 observers. Patients were grouped according to preoperative MA (either <10° or ≥10°). PTS changes were compared between groups RESULTS: Thirty consecutive knees of 28 patients were evaluated. Preoperative mean PTS angles were 9.50° ± 4.47° (posterior tibial cortex referenced), 11.51° ± 4.50° (tibial anatomical axis referenced), and 10.80° ± 4.58° (posterior fibular cortex referenced); postoperative angles were 6.10° ± 4.23°, 8.78° ± 4.57°, and 8.11° ± 4.55°, respectively. PTS was significantly decreased postoperatively with respect to all 3 methods (P < .0001). Mean preoperative and postoperative Insall-Salvati indices were 1.04 ± 0.16 and 1.07 ± 0.17, respectively (P = .088). Mean preoperative and postoperative Caton-Deschamps indices were 0.87 ± 0.18 and 0.78 ± 0.18, respectively (P = .017). PTS changes were not statistically significant between groups with respect to MA (P values .861, .723, and .727, respectively) CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to preserve and even decrease PTS with an OWHTO performed posterior to MCL in a posteromedial to anterolateral direction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

The fate of fibular osteotomies performed during high tibial osteotomy.

INTRODUCTION: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an important treatment alternative in isolated single compartment knee osteoarthritis. To achieve adequate mechanical axis corrections in the lower extremity fibula is also osteotomized concomitantly. The aim of this study was to compare the union rates of proximal and diaphyseal fibular osteotomies accompanying high tibial osteotomies. METHOD: Sixty-seven knees of sixty-three patients who had undergone HTO were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were grouped according to the level of the fibular osteotomy (FO). In group I, the level of FO was proximal, and in group II, it was at the level of junction of middle and distal third of diaphysis. The union rates of FOs at two different levels were compared. The influence of the presence of displacement at the osteotomy site and apposition between bone ends on union was also evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of sixty-seven FOs (88.06 %) were united. The union rate of proximal FOs was significantly greater than diaphyseal osteotomies (p < 0.0001); 97.9 % of proximal FOs were united, whereas this ratio was 65 % for the diaphyseal FOs. The presence of displacement at the FO and apposition between bone ends significantly influenced the bony union rate (p values 0.035 and <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Union rates and nonunion characteristics of FO might differ according to its level, apposition of bone ends, and contact area. The fate of FO might also affect the union of HTO.

Black joint and synovia: Histopathological evaluation of degenerative joint disease due to Ochronosis.

INTRODUCTION: Ochronotic arthropathy is a rapidly progressive and disabling arthropathy predominantly encountered after the fifth decade of life, caused by homogentisate1,2 dioxygenase enzyme deficiency. As it is rare disease, the literature on histological findings is fragmented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively re-evaluated histopathological findings in resection and/or curettage materials (5 hip joint, 4 knee joint, one hip joint synovium, one intervertebral disk and one paravertebral disk tissue) of seven ochronosis cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2013 in a single center. RESULTS: Necrotic brown chondroid detritus was present in all cases either in synovia or in subchondral area, some of which evoked giant cell reaction. Notably, brown pigmentation was prominent in upper middle parts of the articular cartilage but not that prominent in superficial parts and in osteochondral junction, almost stopping at the tide mark. Pigmentation was observed both in extracellular matrix and in cytoplasm either in granular or homogeneous fashion. Depositions were less prominent in osteophytic processes, regenerated cartilaginous areas and loose bodies. Almost all cases showed synovial detritic and inflammatory reaction, fibrillation, eburnation, and subchondral sclerosis. Disk degeneration and findings of ligament rupture were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathological diagnosis of ochronosis is not complicated given the unique "black coloring" of the affected tissues and it can easily be differentiated from other causes of detritic synovitis both clinically and histopathologically. However, there is no definitive cure for today and the reasons for late onset of arthropathy in disease course, and the mechanisms of tissue reaction to fragmented detritus remain elusive.

The value of magnetic resonance arthrography in the evaluation of repaired menisci.

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic value of direct magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in detection of re-torn or unhealed menisci which were previously repaired. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six menisci of 24 symptomatic patients who had undergone a meniscus repair surgery were included in this retrospective study. These patients had been evaluated with gadolinium-enhanced direct MR arthrography. A subsequent second-look arthroscopy was performed thereafter. The findings of MR arthrography were compared with the arthroscopic findings. RESULTS: Sixteen recurrent meniscal lesions were detected with MR arthrography; the remaining ten repaired menisci were evaluated as healed. At second-look arthroscopy, six out of 26 repaired menisci were evaluated as completely healed. Eight of them had incomplete healing, and 12 of them were unhealed. MR arthrography had four false-negative results, but there were none false-positive results. It was arthroscopically shown that three of these four false-negative results were belonged to patients who had incomplete healing. MR arthrography had a sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of 80, 100, and 84.6 %, respectively. When incomplete lesions were left out of analysis, its sensitivity and accuracy reached to 94.8 and 94.4 %. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that MR arthrography was a reliable diagnostic tool in evaluating previously repaired menisci. Yet diagnosis of incomplete meniscal lesions seemed to be challenging.

Traumatic arteriovenous fistula formation after misplaced femoral tunnel in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Vascular injuries are rare complications of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. In this report, we present a 50-year-old female who has a popliteal arteriovenous fistula formation diagnosed 18 months after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. The patient was treated surgically with disconnection of the fistulous communication and repair of the artery and vein with saphenous vein and synthetic grafts respectively. This is the first case report of an arteriovenous fistula following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction.

Current knowledge in the anatomy of the human anterior cruciate ligament.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most frequently studied structures of the musculoskeletal system and continues to stimulate debate and challenges among researchers and surgeons. The ultimate goal of anatomic reconstruction surgery is to restore the native anatomy as much as possible. However, this requires thorough knowledge of its anatomy. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge of the anatomy of ACL along with its macrostructural and ultrastructural properties.